diff --git a/docs/source/design/class_hierarchy.rst b/docs/source/design/class_hierarchy.rst
index b3404f6b..15f0c8cc 100644
--- a/docs/source/design/class_hierarchy.rst
+++ b/docs/source/design/class_hierarchy.rst
@@ -26,6 +26,45 @@ There are several important design choices behind this class hierarchy:
 
 2. **Uniformity**: The model runner needs a unified interface to create and initialize the model. vLLM supports more than 50 types of popular open-source models. Each model has its own initialization logic. If the constructor signature varies with models, the model runner does not know how to call the constructor accordingly, without complicated and error-prone inspection logic. By making the constructor of the model class uniform, the model runner can easily create and initialize the model without knowing the specific model type. This is also useful for composing models. Vision-language models often consist of a vision model and a language model. By making the constructor uniform, we can easily create a vision model and a language model and compose them into a vision-language model.
 
+.. note::
+
+    To support this change, all vLLM models' signatures have been updated to:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
+    
+    To avoid accidentally passing incorrect arguments, the constructor is now keyword-only. This ensures that the constructor will raise an error if old configurations are passed. vLLM developers have already made this change for all models within vLLM. For out-of-tree registered models, developers need to update their models, for example by adding shim code to adapt the old constructor signature to the new one:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        class MyOldModel(nn.Module):
+            def __init__(
+                self,
+                config,
+                cache_config: Optional[CacheConfig] = None,
+                quant_config: Optional[QuantizationConfig] = None,
+                lora_config: Optional[LoRAConfig] = None,
+                prefix: str = "",
+            ) -> None:
+                ...
+
+        from vllm.config import VllmConfig
+        class MyNewModel(MyOldModel):
+            def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
+                config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
+                cache_config = vllm_config.cache_config
+                quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
+                lora_config = vllm_config.lora_config
+                super().__init__(config, cache_config, quant_config, lora_config, prefix)
+        
+        if __version__ >= "0.6.4":
+            MyModel = MyNewModel
+        else:
+            MyModel = MyOldModel
+
+    This way, the model can work with both old and new versions of vLLM.
+
 3. **Sharding and Quantization at Initialization**: Certain features require changing the model weights. For example, tensor parallelism needs to shard the model weights, and quantization needs to quantize the model weights. There are two possible ways to implement this feature. One way is to change the model weights after the model is initialized. The other way is to change the model weights during the model initialization. vLLM chooses the latter. The first approach is not scalable to large models. Suppose we want to run a 405B model (with roughly 810GB weights) with 16 H100 80GB GPUs. Ideally, every GPU should only load 50GB weights. If we change the model weights after the model is initialized, we need to load the full 810GB weights to every GPU and then shard the weights, leading to a huge memory overhead. Instead, if we shard the weights during the model initialization, every layer will only create a shard of the weights it needs, leading to a much smaller memory overhead. The same idea applies to quantization. Note that we also add an additional argument ``prefix`` to the model's constructor so that the model can initialize itself differently based on the prefix. This is useful for non-uniform quantization, where different parts of the model are quantized differently. The ``prefix`` is usually an empty string for the top-level model and a string like ``"vision"`` or ``"language"`` for the sub-models. In general, it matches the name of the module's state dict in the checkpoint file.
 
 One disadvantage of this design is that it is hard to write unit tests for individual components in vLLM because every component needs to be initialized by a complete config object. We solve this problem by providing a default initialization function that creates a default config object with all fields set to ``None``. If the component we want to test only cares about a few fields in the config object, we can create a default config object and set the fields we care about. This way, we can test the component in isolation. Note that many tests in vLLM are end-to-end tests that test the whole system, so this is not a big problem.
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/model_loader/loader.py b/vllm/model_executor/model_loader/loader.py
index 715e6c11..5bcae379 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/model_loader/loader.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/model_loader/loader.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import copy
 import dataclasses
 import fnmatch
 import glob
+import inspect
 import json
 import math
 import os
@@ -88,11 +89,23 @@ def device_loading_context(module: torch.nn.Module,
 logger = init_logger(__name__)
 
 
-def _initialize_model(vllm_config: VllmConfig) -> nn.Module:
+def _initialize_model(vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> nn.Module:
     """Initialize a model with the given configurations."""
     model_config = vllm_config.model_config
     model_class, _ = get_model_architecture(model_config)
-    return model_class(vllm_config=vllm_config)
+    signatures = inspect.signature(model_class.__init__)
+    # collect all kw-only parameters
+    kw_only_params = [
+        param.name for param in signatures.parameters.values()
+        if param.kind == inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY
+    ]
+    assert "vllm_config" in kw_only_params and "prefix" in kw_only_params, \
+    ("vLLM model class must accept `vllm_config` and `prefix` as kw-only "
+    "arguments. Possibly you have an old-style model class registered from "
+    "out of tree and it is used for new vLLM version. "
+    "Please check https://docs.vllm.ai/en/latest/design/class_hierarchy.html "
+    "for the design and update the model class accordingly.")
+    return model_class(vllm_config=vllm_config, prefix=prefix)
 
 
 class BaseModelLoader(ABC):
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/arctic.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/arctic.py
index 7d4b9654..9ee2a2cc 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/arctic.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/arctic.py
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ class ArcticModel(nn.Module):
 
 class ArcticForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/bloom.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/bloom.py
index 2c14519f..84adf574 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/bloom.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/bloom.py
@@ -281,11 +281,7 @@ class BloomModel(nn.Module):
 
 class BloomForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/chatglm.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/chatglm.py
index 6ec2d5a2..70e9b607 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/chatglm.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/chatglm.py
@@ -593,11 +593,7 @@ class ChatGLMForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsLoRA, SupportsPP,
     embedding_modules = {}
     embedding_padding_modules = []
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/dbrx.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/dbrx.py
index d5f9b903..fff8710f 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/dbrx.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/dbrx.py
@@ -350,11 +350,7 @@ class DbrxModel(nn.Module):
 
 class DbrxForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/eagle.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/eagle.py
index c9028299..85c51e84 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/eagle.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/eagle.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class EAGLE(nn.Module):
        in the draft checkpoint (using key token_map). Also, the draft config
        needs to have truncated_vocab_size (=k) as an attribute."""
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         self.config = config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/falcon.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/falcon.py
index 562ee551..dcfcb669 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/falcon.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/falcon.py
@@ -401,11 +401,7 @@ class FalconForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
         ".dense_4h_to_h.",
     ]
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/fuyu.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/fuyu.py
index b39dfe70..50701793 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/fuyu.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/fuyu.py
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ def input_mapper_for_fuyu(ctx: InputContext, data: object):
 @INPUT_REGISTRY.register_input_processor(input_processor_for_fuyu)
 class FuyuForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsMultiModal, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt2.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt2.py
index adf2a7a5..cc85693f 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt2.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt2.py
@@ -242,11 +242,7 @@ class GPT2Model(nn.Module):
 
 class GPT2LMHeadModel(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_bigcode.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_bigcode.py
index ae1495eb..ab25c66c 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_bigcode.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_bigcode.py
@@ -257,11 +257,7 @@ class GPTBigCodeForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsLoRA, SupportsPP):
 
     embedding_padding_modules = []
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_j.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_j.py
index 610795b0..a83d0348 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_j.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_j.py
@@ -229,11 +229,7 @@ class GPTJModel(nn.Module):
 
 class GPTJForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_neox.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_neox.py
index f5603772..794b141b 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_neox.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/gpt_neox.py
@@ -242,11 +242,7 @@ class GPTNeoXModel(nn.Module):
 
 class GPTNeoXForCausalLM(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/internvl.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/internvl.py
index 07165ea6..92579e3a 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/internvl.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/internvl.py
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ input_pipeline = InternVLInputPipeline(IMG_START, IMG_END, IMG_CONTEXT)
 @INPUT_REGISTRY.register_input_processor(input_pipeline.input_processor)
 class InternVLChatModel(nn.Module, SupportsMultiModal, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
         super().__init__()
 
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/jais.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/jais.py
index 4dc92717..65800c44 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/jais.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/jais.py
@@ -286,11 +286,7 @@ class JAISModel(nn.Module):
 
 class JAISLMHeadModel(nn.Module, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        vllm_config: VllmConfig,
-        prefix: str = "",
-    ):
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = ""):
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava.py
index 005ae5e0..b13bcfa6 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava.py
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def init_vision_tower_for_llava(
 @INPUT_REGISTRY.register_input_processor(input_processor_for_llava)
 class LlavaForConditionalGeneration(nn.Module, SupportsMultiModal, SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
         super().__init__()
 
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next.py
index 0b621a23..dd2fa6ca 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next.py
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ def input_processor_for_llava_next(ctx: InputContext,
 class LlavaNextForConditionalGeneration(nn.Module, SupportsMultiModal,
                                         SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next_video.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next_video.py
index b030c2f5..5d5598d0 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next_video.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_next_video.py
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ class LlavaNextMultiModalProjector(nn.Module):
 class LlavaNextVideoForConditionalGeneration(nn.Module, SupportsMultiModal,
                                              SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_onevision.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_onevision.py
index c129f140..a5b21081 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_onevision.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/llava_onevision.py
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ class LlavaOnevisionMultiModalProjector(nn.Module):
 class LlavaOnevisionForConditionalGeneration(nn.Module, SupportsMultiModal,
                                              SupportsPP):
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
         super().__init__()
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         quant_config = vllm_config.quant_config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/medusa.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/medusa.py
index 4cb1b4a9..de5b2d89 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/medusa.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/medusa.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Medusa(nn.Module):
        in the draft checkpoint (using key token_map). Also, the draft config
        needs to have truncated_vocab_size (=k) as an attribute."""
 
-    def __init__(self, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *, vllm_config: VllmConfig, prefix: str = "") -> None:
         config = vllm_config.model_config.hf_config
         super().__init__()
         self.config = config
diff --git a/vllm/model_executor/models/utils.py b/vllm/model_executor/models/utils.py
index 1fc6c1be..1d51885f 100644
--- a/vllm/model_executor/models/utils.py
+++ b/vllm/model_executor/models/utils.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from vllm.attention.selector import (_Backend, backend_name_to_enum,
 from vllm.config import VllmConfig
 from vllm.logger import init_logger
 from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.weight_utils import default_weight_loader
-from vllm.model_executor.models import ModelRegistry
 from vllm.multimodal import MultiModalPlaceholderMap, NestedTensors
 from vllm.platforms import current_platform
 from vllm.sequence import IntermediateTensors
@@ -240,12 +239,9 @@ def init_vllm_registered_model(
     Helper function to initialize an inner model registered to vLLM,
     based on the arguments passed to the outer vLLM model.
     """
-    model_class, _ = ModelRegistry.resolve_model_cls(hf_config.architectures)
-
-    return model_class(
-        vllm_config=vllm_config.with_hf_config(hf_config),
-        prefix=prefix,
-    )
+    from vllm.model_executor.model_loader.loader import _initialize_model
+    vllm_config = vllm_config.with_hf_config(hf_config)
+    return _initialize_model(vllm_config, prefix)
 
 
 @overload